The sedimentation technique used at cdc is the formalinethyl acetate technique, a diphasic sedimentation technique that avoids the problems of flammability of ether, and which can be used with specimens preserved in formalin, mif or saf. The formol ether concentration technique on the other hand is timeconsuming, and requires several materials. Prevalence, intensity and factors associated with soil. The number of parasitic forms of both protozoan andor helminthic parasites in fecal specimens is often too low to be observed microscopically in direct wet mounts or in stained smear preparation. Diagnostic techniques in medical parasitology the biology of. Ether concentration technique in diagnosis of intestinal parasites. Mohammad a al mofarreh 1, ahmad m al akwaa 2, sayed w hasan 1, ibrahim a al mofleh 2 1 dr. The bottle was capped and mixed by shaking for about 20 seconds. Ridley fromthe hospitalfor tropical diseases, stpancras way,london thesimplified version ofritchies formol ether technique for the concentration offaecal cysts, ova, and larvae ridley and hawgood, 1956, which is no.
The highest prevalence of infections was recorded among the age group of 19 22 years 21% in both sexes, and least infection rate in the age group of 27 30. Formol ether concentration technique was used to concentrate the gut content and analysis carried out. Further observations on the formolether concentration technique for faecal parasites. Fecal debris is extracted into the ether phase so that the ethyl acetate formalin 510% nss. Next another 4 ml of 10% vv formol water was added and mixed well by shaking. Remove an equal volume of sediment with an applicator stick, mix with albumen on. A selfadministered questionnaire was used to record kap of students against intestinal parasitic infection. Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 319k, or click on a page image below to browse page by page. This procedure entails filtration of a faecal suspension in 10% formalin in water, solvent extraction of debris and fat, followed by centrifugation. If washed sediment is mainly mucous, place 1 drop of mayers albumen on 2 slides.
Prevalence of intestinal helminth infections among school children. Responsibilities function activities laboratory technician perform the formalin ether concentration technique blinded to the results of the reference tests. Bukumbi for intestinal parasitic infections with three diagnostic methods. Pdf the formolether concentration technique for intestinal.
Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among. Formalin ether or formalin ethyl acetate method is the recommended concentration procedures. Gastro intestinal helminths parasites of local chickens. The helminth parasite community of european badgers meles.
Therefore, the employment of fec techniques as a confirmatory test in routine laboratory examination of stool will significantly aid in accurate determination and management of parasitic infections. Further observations on the formolether concentration. Different studies showed that formol ether concentration technique fec is more sensitive than the conventional direct wet mount microscopy. Miniflotac, an innovative direct diagnostic technique for. The most commonly used fixatives for stool preservation are either formalin or sodium acetateacetic acidformalin saf 3, 24, 40. Evaluation performance of diagnostic methods of intestinal. Aug 17, 2018 a crosssectional study was carried out among 562 psac 15 years old in 6 counties of hoima district using expanded program on immunization epi method. Formol ether concentration method in the diagnosis of active schistosoma mansoni in patients with detectable iha. Total 126 students gave stool samples which were analysed by formol ether concentration technique. Further observations on the formol ether concentration technique for faecal parasites. The specific gravity of protozoan cysts and helminth eggs is greater than that of water. Based on the findings in this study we conclude that the formol ethyl acetate sedimentation concentration technique, using parasep midi faecal parasite concentrators, offers no advantages compared to katokatz and hatching in lowintensity s.
The phylum ascetospora, for example, is covered in a few lines of text and the sole example of the phylum included here is minchinia nelsoni which has devastated populations of the. Oct 29, 20 clonorchiasis is a chronic neglected disease caused by a liver fluke, clonorchis sinensis. Additionally, we included another flotation method, namely, the saltsugar flotation ssf technique as an alternative to fea. Disadvantagesoftheformalin ether technique include i concentration ofgranular material, ii suboptimal concentration of h. The formol ethyl acetate sedimentation concentration technique is preferred by many clinical microbiology laboratories for the detection of parasites in stool samples. The formolether method is a widely used technique for stool examination. Modified formalinether concentration technique for diagnosis. The present study was a crosssectional study which comprised of 127 students who were selected by stratified random sampling.
We compared the efficacy and applicability of a modified formalinether concentration technique mfect to the conventional fect cfect and the agar plate culture apc method for the detection of strongyloides stercoralis larvae. Comparison of the flotac400 dual technique and the. Formalinether sedimentation concentration definition of. Workers and seafarers will adapt the formalin ether concentration technique fect. Prevalence of human intestinal helminth parasites among. Six different gastrointestinal parasites were isolated and identified. Low sensitivity of the formolethyl acetate sedimentation. The modified ridleyallen formol ether concentration technique is the method of choice for routine use by most clinical laboratories and is the method on which most commercial kits are based. The formolether concentration technique for intestinal. Samples were collected from retail chicken shops and examined for helminthes parasites.
A total of five species of intestinal helminth parasites were encountered during the study, ascaris lumbricoides had the highest percentage of 49 32. The technologist will prepare a direct smear from the remaining sediment. Formal ether sedimentation technique for the concentration. Comparison formalinethyl ether sedimentation, formalin. Pdf we compared the efficacy and applicability of a modified formalinether concentration technique mfect to the conventional fect cfect and the.
Time delays between patient and laboratory selectively affect. International journal of pharmacy and biological sciences vijay prakash singh et al. Comparison of sensitivity and specificity of 4 methods for. The study showed that infections were more prevalent among males. A total of 120 stool samples were collected, 60 male and 60 female from fepeaury to april 2014. Article pdf available in journal of clinical pathology 236. Evaluation and modification of the formalinether sedimentation. With the different solutions added, fecal debris is extracted into the ether phase and parasitic elements are sedimented at the bottom. Three techniques were applied on all samples which included direct microscopic examination by using saline and iodine preparations and the microscopic examination after using two concentration techniques which included simple salt flotation technique and formal ether concentration technique. Of the total of three hundred and thirty four 334 subjects, one hundred and fifty two 152 were females and one hundred and eighty two 182 were males.
Knowledge, attitude and practice kap assessment of. According to ritchie 1948, the recovery efficiency of the mgl technique for. After stirring well, more salt solution was added till the container was. The technique recommended for the qualitative diagnosis of intestinal parasites both helminths and intestinal protozoa is the formol ether concentration method fecm 7,8, 9 performed on three. Laboratory stack technical laboratory procedure guides for clinical laboratory scientists and students including the latest technology and. This resource was developed by charles adjei osei of the kwame nkrumah university of. Formal ether concentration technique 20142015 abstract. Pdf comparison of routine and concentration techniques.
Schistosoma mansoni was the dominant parasites as detected by both direct wet mount and formol ether concentration technique with 4452 84. Formalin ether concentration technique is a method use to concentrate parasitic elements through sedimentation to enhance recovery. Sedimentation techniques use solutions of lower specific gravity. Under the republic act 10022 of the department of health, the preemployment stool exam of overseas filipino workers and seafarers will adapt the formalin ether concentration technique fect. Comparison of routine and concentration techniques on. Laboratory procedures for stool examination laboratory. The present study was aimed to validate a new copromicroscopic technique, the miniflotac and to compare its diagnostic efficiency and sensitivity with four other copromicroscopic techniques. Soil transmitted helminths among primary school children. For further confirmation, formol ether concentration technique was performed. The formol ether diagnostic technique was generally more sensitive with s. A cross sectional study was conducted on 364 patients, attending shahura health center, northwest ethiopia. For this purpose, we used 600 human fecal specimens collected in an endemic area of southern thailand.
A cross sectional study was conducted from may to june 20. Excreta disposal facilities and intestinal parasitism in. However, taking into account the acknowledged dangers caused by exposure to ether and formaldehyde, research was initiated to develop techniques as efficient as ritchies method, 14. A total of 103 samples collected from the same number of individuals were examined for intestinal parasites using the direct smear method and the formol ether concentration technique. The formalinether concentration technique is typically conducted in reference laboratories for the concurrent diagnosis of helminth and intestinal protozoa. The sedimentation technique had low sensitivity and is relatively timeconsuming.
Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 319k. Pdf a modified formalinether concentration technique for. Links to pubmed are also available for selected references. Chemotherapy is the mainstay of control and treatment efficacy is usually determined by microscopic examination of fecal samples. More than 10 faecal examination techniques are known, including direct smear ds andor concentration tada et al. This study was aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of parasitic infections among patients.
Formal ether sedimentation technique for the concentration of. This video demonstrates both the sedimentation formol ether and flotation zinc sulfate methods of stool feces concentration. The modified katokatz technique was performed to estimate the parasitic burden, expressed in the number of protozoa per gram of stool. Prevalence and associated factors of intestinal parasitic. Although several diagnostic methods such as katokatz and formol ether concentration fec techniques are available, direct wet mount is the commonly used as a reliable diagnosis method for the diagnosis of intestinal parasitic infections generally in africa and particularly in ethiopia 10. Pdf comparison of the katokatz, wet mount, and formol. Single stool sample was processed for direct, formol ether concentration. The value of formolether concentration of faecal cysts and ova. The formalinether concentration technique fect is a widely used sedimentation technique for the diagnosis of intestinal protozoa in preserved stool samples. When ranked by proportion, parasite loads were found as follows. Thus, this study aimed at evaluating a formol acetone concentration method in comparison with the conventional direct iodine preparation and formol ether concentration methods. Comparison of direct smear and formol ether concentration techniques in diagnosing intestinal parasites. In a suitable container, thoroughly mix a portion of stool specimen about the size of a walnut into 10ml of saline solution. For each stool specimen collected formol ether concentration technique was performed.
A modified formalin ether concentration technique for diagnosis of human strongyloidiasis article pdf available in the korean journal of parasitology 516. The formol ether concentration fec technique ridley and hawgood, 1956 is also widely used and has the advantages of fixing the parasites, thus rendering the samples noninfectious, as well as preserving many types of cysts, which the kk technique does not cheesbrough, 2005. Adaptation of ritchies method for parasites diagnosing. In simple salt flotation method, about 1gm of feces were emulsified with 34 ml of saturated salt solution in a 20ml conical glass test tube. A modified zinc sulfate flotation technique using formalinized fecal specimens fznso4 was compared to the formalin ether fe concentration method for the laboratory diagnosis of intestinal parasites. The proportion of overall infected samples was 31%. Miranda questions for research update brief summary draw and label.
This method increases the sensivity as compare to direct wet mount with dobell iodine or normal saline. Formal ether sedimentation technique for the concentration of stool. Parasitic elements are concentrated through sedimentation to enhance the recovery in fecal specimens. Jcdr concentration techniques, simple salt floatation, zinc.
The european badger meles meles is irelands largest terrestrial carnivore. The fec study on a total of 80 100% elementary students showed that 12 15% sample had the sth. Jun 11, 2019 this study was aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of parasitic infections among patients. Comparison of modified 1% potassium hydroxide formol ether concentration technique with direct wet mount preparation and standard formol ether concentration technique for detection of parasites in.
Vernier measurements should be taken if an unusual parasite is identified or if a confirmation is required. The study was designed at state elementary school 27 peusangan, bireuen. Modified formalinether concentration technique for. A comparison of a modified formalinether concentration technique with a commercial feconomics method and its two modifications in the investigation of blastocystis sp. Jun, 2011 helminth infection rates in grade three children are used as proxy indicators of community infection status and to guide treatment strategies in endemic areas.
The most common intestinal nematodes of dogs are toxocara canis, hookworm and trichuris vulpis. We assessed the diagnostic accuracy of the katokatz method and the formalin ether concentration technique fect for c. Hemoglobin concentration was analyzed using cyanmethaemoglobin method. Al mofarreh polyclinic, kkuh, riyadh, saudi arabia 2 department of medicine, kkuh, riyadh, saudi arabia click here for correspondence address.
Request pdf the formolether concentration technique for intestinal. The first page of the pdf of this article appears above. Formalinethyl acetate sedimentation, and zinc sulfate. The children were categorized into three age groups 68 represent 41. Pdf a modified formalinether concentration technique. In such cases, the use of concentration techniques increases the chances of detecting parasitic organisms, thus increasing the sensitivity of copromicroscopic techniques. Formal ether sedimentation stool concentration technique. The endemic countries are in a diagnostic dilemma concerning schistosoma japonicum with increasing difficulties in diagnosing the infected individuals. Comparison of formalinethyl ether sedimentation, formalinethyl. The simplified version of ritchies formolether tech nique for the. Diagnostic performance of direct wet mount microscopy in. Technical methods further observations on the formol ether concentration technique for faecal parasites a. Among these concentration techniques,the two most commonly used stool concentration techniques.
However knowledge, attitudes and practices kap of this target age group 810 years in relation to schistosomiasis, soil transmitted helminthiasis sths and malaria is not known at a time when integrated plasmodium helminth. Knowledge attitudes and practices of grade three primary. Since the introduction of ritchies method in 1948, many laboratories have chosen the formalin ether concentration procedure for parasitological exams in fecal specimens. Therefore, the aim of this study was the evaluation performance of diagnostic methods of intestinal parasitosis in school age children in ethiopia. The two most commonly used stool concentration techniques. Most types of worm eggs round worms, tapeworms, schistosomes, and other fluke eggs, larvae, and protozoan cysts may be recovered by this method. Comparison of the katokatz, wet mount, and formolether concentration diagnostic techniques for intestinal helminth infections in ethiopia. Four layers formed after the second centrifugation of the fact improved diagnosis of strongyloides stercoralis using recombinant antigenbased. The prepared slides and preserved specimens were transported to the medical parasitology laboratory of the aklilu lemma institute of pathobiology, addis ababa university, within four to five days of specimen collection. Application of pcrbased tools to explore strongyloides. Stool specimens were collected and examined using formol ether concentration technique. Free fulltext pdf articles from hundreds of disciplines, all in one place miniflotac, an innovative direct diagnostic technique for intestinal parasitic infections.
Stool samples from children were examined using the formol ether concentration technique for sth egg detection. Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 319k, or click on a page image below. Formalin acts both a fixative and preservative of protozoan eggs, larvae and cysts. Formolether concentration method in the diagnosis of. Out of the 76 persons who were both reference standard and sedimentation technique negative, there were 18 only positive with iha, 5 only with katokatz and 4 with a positive hatching test only. We compared the efficacy and applicability of a modified formalin ether concentration technique mfect to the conventional fect cfect and the agar plate culture apc method for the detection of strongyloides stercoralis larvae. The formalether concentration technique was performed by adding 1 g of faeces to 5 ml of formalin 10%, which was emulsified and strained, and the filtrate centrifuged for 2 min at 3000 rpm. Principle of formal ether formalinethyl aceatate sedimentation technique. Under diagnosis of intestinal schistosomiasis in a.
This six minute video presents the formol ether concentration technique used to examine fecal parasites. Centrifuge time should be calculated after centrifuge reaches full speed. Prevalence of intestinal helminth infections among school. I think mike cruickshanks new profit maximiser service is going to be one of the big hits and i can say hand on heart, if you follow the instructions, and just get involved, you will make a lot of money over the coming weeks, months and years. The overall prevalence of intestinal helminths was 9. The technique recommended for the qualitative diagnosis of intestinal parasites both helminths and intestinal protozoa is the formol ether concentration method fecm, performed on three different samples, but the direct fecal smear on a single sample is used as diagnostic method more often in resourceconstrained settings. Filter the emulsion through fine mesh gauze into a conical centrifuge tube. Pdf a comparison of a modified formalinether concentration. The relationships between intestinal parasitism and excreta disposal technologies in gaborone botswana, ndola zambia and kumasi ghana were inve. Further observations on the formolether concentration technique for. Pdf teknik konsentrasi formol eter untuk mendiagnosa. Formol ether concentration techniques using an applicator stick, about 1g of the feces mixed with normal saline was put in a screwcap bottle containing 4ml of 10% water. Thereafter, the feces was sieved, and the sieved suspension collected in a beaker. An estimated peasize of faeces was emulsified in 4 ml of 10% formol water.
Schistosome species lay only few numbers of eggs and only twothird of the eggs are excreted intermittently with stool, making single wet. Comparison of the katokatz, wet mount, and formolether. Formalin ether concentration technique laboratory stack. A comparison of a modified formalin ether concentration technique with a commercial feconomics method and its two modifications in the investigation of blastocystis sp. Transmission of schistosoma mansoni in yachi areas. Hemoglobin concentration of intestinal parasites infested. A bayesian approach was used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the evaluation tool. The formolethyl acetate sedimentation concentration technique subsequently termed sedimentation technique is one of the methods recommended in the clinical and laboratory standards institute formerly nccls guidelines and the cumitech guidelines for recovery of parasites from the intestinal tract. Intestinal parasite assessment was done by direct smear technique and formol ether concentration methods. Formalinether sedimentation mgl is a wellknown technique for the examination of faeces for parasites, but some recent reports have indicated that its. The use of ether has since been substituted with ethylacetate, without any change in sensitivity erdman, 1981, to become the fea concentration technique used in this study.
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